Optimizing water use in agriculture is crucial for sustainable resource management and increased productivity. Water footprint analysis, which measures the total water used directly and indirectly throughout a product's life cycle, offers valuable insights for improving water management practices. This study investigated the gray and white water footprints of a greenhouses cultivation, bell pepper, under different conditions including misting and pot cover. Evapotranspiration rates were used to calculate water demand under various scenarios. Nitrate (NO3), potassium (K), and total phosphorus (TP) were monitored as key chemical parameters to calculate the gray water. Three scenarios including stringent (S1), normal (S2), and lenient (S3) are established based on water quality standards. The findings revealed that misting and covering pots significantly reduced the gray water footprint compared to non-misting or uncovered scenarios. The total gray water footprint for bell peppers under misting and covered conditions was 2976 m3/ton, while it reached 3968m3/ton under non-misting and uncovered conditions, this represents a reduction of nearly 33% due to the combined effect of misting and pot cover. Importantly, water quality standards also played a significant role, with stricter standards leading to a higher gray water footprint (e. g., a difference of 2655m3/ton between scenarios S1 and S3 under misting and covered conditions). The white water footprint, representing freshwater directly used for cultivation, also varied across different scenarios.

Background and purpose: Today, due to the reduction of water resources, separation of graywater from domestic wastewater and its reuse has gained more interest. The aim of this study was toapply multi-layer filtration (MLF) for removal of nutrients from gray water. Materials and methods: This laboratory-scale study was carried out in 2. 3-19. 2 gr. COD / L. dorganic loading rates (OLR) over a period of 157 days. In this study, synthetic gray water was used asinput to the multi-layer filter. The MLF system included three layers: sand, silica, and granular activatedcarbon. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were used to determine the biofilmformation on the media surface. Results: The best removal efficiencies of COD, BOD5, TKN, and TP were 98. 87, 99. 84, 99. 5, and 98% achieved in OLR 19. 2, 12. 8, (13. 2, 4. 6) gCOD/l. d, SOR 5. 76, 2. 88, and 5. 77 m/hr, respectively. The study on the effect of loading rate revealed that by increase in OLR, the system efficiency to removeBOD5 and COD increased. Nevertheless, for TKN and TP, the efficiency decreased with increase in OLR. Also, according to SEM images, biofilm had grown well in the media, which can be effective in removingpollutants from gray water. Conclusion: Using multilayer filtration could be an appropriate option in removing nutrientsfrom gray water in different loadings.

Wastewater output has increased considerably as a result of global population growth. Efforts to manage wastewater are expanding globally. Bio-based methods are useful and effective for treating a wide range of wastewaters, especially those from homes. In this research, the gray water stream at Sari Agricultural College in the north of Iran was treated using an anaerobic biological method. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using treated gray water for landscape irrigation was feasible or not. A fine screening pre-treatment system and a septic tank system were created in order to achieve this goal. After the first stage screening of superfluous solid components, anaerobic digestion was carried out for 26 hours at a temperature of between 14 and 16 °C in a 5 m3 septic tank. Treatment method function was revealed by measuring and comparing the pollutant indices with the permissible rates. The obtained data were: BOD 19.5 mg/L, COD 185 mg/L, Suspended Solid (SS) 90 mg/L, Organic Matter (OM) 80 mg/L, NO3 26 mg/L, PO4 6.25 mg/L, Oil and Grease (O&G) 9.3%, pH 5.9-7.1. The permissible rates for these indices are 100, 200, 200, 300, 30, 6.75, 10, and 6.8-7.1, respectively. The treated gray water was allowed to be utilized as irrigation water. After irrigating, the landscape did not face any negative effects. Nonetheless, the high acidity was owing to the detergents in effluent and this was the main reason provides a vast range of microelements leading to poisoning plants in a long period.

Since the relationship between soil and water status of plants and its effect on growth, propagation and metabolism process, the effect of water stress on Parthenium argetatum, was investigated. Irrigation treatments were selected based on different percentage of field capacity (FC), including (1)a control sample which was irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season (FC), (2) two moderate water stress treatments (LS1=75% and LS2=50% of field capacity) and (3) severe water stress treatments (HS=25% of field capacity). Results showed that plant RWC (relative water content) decreased from 65.8% to 42.8%. Also water stress induced high amount of sugar and proline. The amount of sugar was the highest in sever treatment (HS=2.9 mg/g FW) while it was the least in FC treatment (1.07 mg/g FW). The amount of proline was the highest in sever treatment (HS= 4.28 mM) while it changed from 1.1 in LS1, 1.56 in LS2 and the least (0.96 mM) in FC treatments.

This study aims to (1) evaluate the Crop Water Productivity (CWP) and gray Water Footprint (WFGray) for key agricultural systems in Lorestan province, Iran, to identify hotspots of inefficiency and pollution, and (2) develop and compare Machine Learning (ML) models for predicting these metrics to aid in management and forecasting. We calculated CWP and WFGray for major crops (including forage corn, wheat, beans, potatoes and vegetables) across multiple meteorological stations in Lorestan province. Furthermore, we employed two ML algorithms including Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to model and predict these indices. Model performance was evaluated using the Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The assessment revealed significant regional and crop-specific disparities. Forage corn was the most efficient and sustainable system (CWP: 2. 173 kg/m³, WFGray: 0. 05 m³/kg), whereas bean production was the least efficient (CWP: 0. 064 kg/m³). Spatially, stations like Azna (potato) demonstrated best practices, while Kuhdasht was identified as a critical area of concern due to low efficiency and high fertilizer pollution. In modeling, the optimal algorithm was target-dependent: RF was superior for predicting CWP (MAE: 0. 236), while SVM performed relatively better for the more complex WFGray. This study concludes that addressing water security and agricultural pollution in the region requires tailored, crop-specific interventions and improved farm management practices. Furthermore, while ML model (particularly RF) proves to be a powerful tool for forecasting water productivity, accurately modeling the environmental impact (WFGray) remains a challenge, highlighting the need for more robust data and further research in this domain.

Parthenium argentatum Gray. (Guayule) is a perennial shrub and a source of latex. The essential oil of flowers and latex has distinctive odor and honey bees which are effective pollen carriers of this species, are mostly being attracted to its flowers. Therefore, the flowers oil of cultivar UC/100, collected in July 2004 from Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands field, was investigated. The essential oil isolated by hydro-distillation was analyzed by a combination of GC and GC/MS. The mean oil content was 0.8% (w/w). A total of sixteen components were identified representing 97.6% of the oil. The main constitutes of the essential oil were a-pinene (27.2%), b-phellandrene (17.0%), g-eudesmol (11.3%), b-pinene (10.0%), b-eudesmol (9.0%), bicyclogermacrene (4.0%). Other components present in appreciable amounts were sabinene (7.3%), a-eudesmol (1.9%), bornyl acetate (1.6%), germacrene D (1.4%) and (Ε)-b-ocimene (2.2%).

Urban wastewater combines black and gray wastewater, which can be thought of as a way to separate and optimize its treatment. In this research, the separation and recycling of gray water treated by photoelectrocatalytic method, to be used in irrigation of plants, etc., has been investigated. First, the gray wastewater of a 10-unit residential building was sampled. BOD and COD concentrations were measured by respirometry and closed reflux calorimetry, respectively. Then, the removal efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic treatment by direct current with titanium and graphite electrodes, at two current densities of 10 and 20 mA/cm2 and at three electrode distances of 6, 12 and 15 cm, and the feasibility of using this method from the point of view of energy consumption, was studied. Based on the results, the optimal conditions for pollutant removal have been obtained at a current density of 20 mA/cm2 and a distance of 12 cm between the electrodes in a period of 60 minutes. With an increase in current density, the removal efficiency increases and as the distance between the electrodes increases, the removal efficiency experiences an increase with partial changes, but, it causes an elevation in voltage, resulting in an augmented consumption of electrical energy. The initial pH decreased with increasing voltage and further decreased with decreasing electrode distance. The amount of electrical energy consumed in the photoelectrocatalytic reactor is estimated to be about 2 kWh/m3 and 11.43 kilowatts per kilogram of COD removal. The results indicate a 64% reduction in water consumption at the site of operation, a reduction in energy consumption in the water and wastewater distribution and treatment system, and as a result, a reduction in CO2 production. Although the possibility of using the photoelectrocatalytic system on a large scale requires more studies, other suitable methods can be used.

Decline in postharvest losses of kiwifruit depended to maintain of quality characteristics during storage and transportation. Storage losses caused serious economic losses in kiwifruit. This study was conducted to inhibition of pathogen infection and increasing fruit quality of Kiwifruit. Hayward kiwifruits inoculated by B.cinerea conidia through pore wounds which formed by removal of the pedicels. Fruits treated through immersion in hot water (45, 50 and 55oC) for 2, 4 and 8 minutes after 3 weeks. All fruits stored at 0.5oC and 85-90 RH for 18 weeks. The samples had taken at 6th, 12th and 18th weeks and measured some characters including weight loss, peel and pulp color indices (L* and chroma), decay numbers, firmness, decay depth, SSC, TA, SSC/TA, pH, EC, Ascorbic acid, compared with the control. Results showed that weight loss rate increased about 2 fold of control but decay depth and losses prevented at 6th and 12th weeks of storage period significantly. Firmness was higher than control at 12th storage week in hot water treatments but had not significant differences with control until end of storage period. Generally, L* parameter had a positive relationship with firmness. Ascorbic acid increased specially in control treatment during cool storage period. EC, pH, and TA parameters had constant changes during of storage.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the histocompatibility of white (WMTA) and gray (GMTA) mineral trioxide aggregate mixed with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and distilled water (DW) in subcutaneous connective tissues of rats.Materials and Methods: The freshly mixed WMTA and GMTA with CHX or DW were inserted in polyethylene tubes and implanted into dorsal subcutaneous connective tissue of 50 Wistar Albino rats; tissue biopsies were collected and were then examined histologically 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after the implantation procedure. The histology results were scored from 1-4; score 4 was considered as the worst finding. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA tests. Results: All experimented materials were tolerated well by the connective tissues after 90- day evaluation, except for the WMTA/CHX group that had significantly more mean inflammatory scores (P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean inflammation grades between experimental groups in each interval (P<0.001). After 90 days, GMTA/CHX group had the lowest inflammatory score.Conclusion: Although adding CHX to WMTA produces significantly higher inflammatory response, it seems a suitable substitute for DW in combination with GMTA. Further research is necessary to recommend this mixture for clinical use.

In South Khorasan province, water shortage is one of the main limiting factors for the development of economic activities in the coming decades. In this province, similar to other parts of the country, the optimal use of water in the form of culture has not yet found its special place, so achieving a relative equilibrium in the supply and demand of water is a basic and essential principle. This is not possible except by creating a comprehensive system in water management and consequently water security. to prevent crises caused by water insecurity, it is necessary to identify rapid developments and defective trends in current water management based on the climate, social, economic, and other realities in each region. In this regard, the current state of water resources in this province was monitored and evaluated by creating a set of indicators. Then, with the help of gray analysis, which is a kind of hierarchical ranking method, the plains of the province were ranked in terms of water security. The results of the gray analysis also showed that the highest score of water security level is in the Deh-e-Salm plain (0. 524), Dehno_mighan plain (0. 519), and chahak-Mousavieh plain (0. 504). Their degree of Security is mainly interpreted by their ability to reduce the risks of water shortage and water scarcity, although it will never be secure to study unless there is a risk of water shortage and water scarcity. There are important study areas such as Birjand Plain (0. 462) that are currently in water insecurity. The highest levels of Water insecurity are observed in the South Khorasan Province, Sarayan (0. 268) and Boshrouyeh (0. 363).